Author: rungta_hospital

Leukocytes in Urine: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

Book An Appointment Introduction Leukocytes, which commonly refer to white blood cells, play an important role in the body’s immune response. Finding white blood cells in urine indicates that the body may be fighting an infection, whereas other possible underlying health concerns cannot be ruled out. Understanding the causes, recognizing symptoms, and preventive measures are important in managing this condition effectively. This article will discuss the causes of leukocytes in urine, the signs and symptoms of concern, prevention, and treatment options for the maintenance of good urinary health. What Are Leukocytes in Urine? Leukocytes in urine denote pyuria, which implies the presence of white blood cells somewhere along the urinary system. They are vital components of the immune system that play an important role in defense against infectious agents and foreign and harmful organic substances. The presence of leukocytes in the urine normally indicates some form of inflammation, infection, or other abnormalities in the urinary system, which could either include the bladder, kidneys, or urethra. Leukocytes in the urine mean having urine with white blood, which is also called pyuria. These leukocytes are the body’s defense against possible infection by any foreign invader and harmful substances, among others. The presence of leukocytes in urine usually indicates either some type of inflammation, infection, or any other abnormalities concerning the urinary system, which might involve the bladder, kidneys, or urethra. You Can Read also:- What is Ovarian Cancer? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options Causes of Leukocytes in Urine Several types of organisms contaminate leukocytes in the urine, which are caused by different attributions ranging from infections and inflammations at other sub-endpoints in the urinary system. The most commonly cited organisms are: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Bacterial infections in the bladder, urethra, or kidneys are almost always causes for leukocyte presence. Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis): Severe bacterial infections in the kidneys can cause inflamed tissues which, in turn, will count leukocytes in urine. Bladder Infection (Cystitis): Inflammation within the lining of the bladder because of bacterial infection is also a major cause. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea can irritate the urinary tract, ultimately resulting in leukocyte accumulation. Kidney Stones: Stones in the urinary tract can irritate tissues and promote infection, resulting in leukocyte presence. Interstitial Cystitis: Chronic bladder inflammation not associated with infection might cause the collection of leukocytes within urine as well. Urinary Tract Obstruction: Obstruction sites like tumors and an enlarged prostate often lead to urine retentions, with an eventual increased risk of infection and a raised number of leukocytes. Vaginal Infections: Sometimes, leukocytes appear in urine samples due to conditions such as bacterial vaginosis. Improper Sample Collection: Contaminants, like the external source of leukocyte presence, introduce errors in uterine washing from improper collection techniques. Symptoms of Leukocytes in Urine Signs of leukocytes in urine usually indicate some kind of infection or inflammation. Specific signs can include: Frequent Urination: The urge to urinate is acute, though the urine amount is small; Burning or Pain: Pain or burning felt while urinating; Cloudy or Malodorous Urine: Urine is cloudy with a strong odor; Pain in the Pelvic or Lower Abdomen: Painful feeling in the lower abdomen or pelvic region; Blood in Urine (Hematuria): Bloodstains may render urine pink, red, or brown; Fever and Chills: Common in severe types of infection like pyelonephritis; Flank or Lower Back Pain: Pain in the lower back, relating to kidney infections; General Fatigue or Weakness: This comes with chronic infections or inflammatory diseases.   You can read also:- 12 Home Remedies for Dandruff and Itchy Scalp That Work Diagnosis of Leukocytes in Urine The examination of leukocytes in urine involves various laboratory tests and assessments to identify the underlying cause. These may include: Urinalysis: A standard urine test that detects leukocytes, bacteria, and other abnormalities. A dipstick test may provide quick results. Microscopic Examination: Urine samples are examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of leukocytes and to identify any other elements, like bacteria or crystals. Urine Culture: This examination detects bacterial infections by identifying the specific bacteria causing the infection and determining the best choice of antibiotics. Blood Tests: Blood tests may be carried out to evaluate kidney function and markers of inflammation and infection. Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be performed to evaluate the urine tract in suspected cases of obstruction, kidney stones, or structural abnormalities. Cystoscopy: In some cases, a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder to examine the lining of the urinary tract for any issues. Treatment Options for Leukocytes in Urine What treatment will be given to leukocytes in urine does depend on what is causing the condition. The common treatment options are: Antibiotics: These will be prescribed for a patient with bacterial infections that include urinary tract infections or also kidney infections to get rid of the infection and reduce the presence of leukocytes. Antiviral or Antifungal Medication: Used when the cause is a viral or fungal infection. Increased Fluid Intake: gets most of the bacteria out of the body by increasing fluid intake, especially water, and maintains urinary tract health. Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter medications may be advised for pain relief and inflammation reduction. Urinary Alkalinizes: Neutralizing acidic urine, these drugs relieve the burning pain accompanying urination. Lifestyle Changes: Proper hygiene, avoidance of irritants, and safe sexual practices will prevent the re-incident of infections. Treatment for the underlying problem: If the patient has conditions such as kidney stones, interstitial cystitis, or urinary tract obstruction, specific treatments such as surgery or special medications should be administered. Probiotics: These may be recommended to establish healthy bacteria in the urinary and digestive tracts, especially post-antibiotic treatments. Prevention Tips for a Healthy Urinary Tract To give preventive measures concerning healthy urinary tract and reduced leukocytes in urine, as follows: Hydrate: Drink sufficient water that eliminates toxins and bacteria. Practice Good Hygiene: Clean the genital area in the right way, especially after toilet use. Urinate after Intercourse: Helps by washing away bacteria that may

Cervical Cerclage: Types, Procedures, Precautions, and Risks

Book An Appointment Introduction The medical procedure that is known as cervical cerclage aims to stop the occurrence of preterm births or miscarriages in women with a condition termed as cervical insufficiency. Such a condition occurs when the cervix can no longer hold a pregnancy, and it may be weak and allow opening too early, before the pregnancy is symptomatically or clinically ready. Cervical cerclage is defined as a procedure to sew the cervix closed to offer added support to the woman and maintain the pregnancy until term. This article explains different types of cervical cerclage procedures, introduces the step-by-step method involved, entails the necessary precautions to ensure a successful outcome, and further discusses the potential risks involved in the process. These aspects are important for future mothers who may have had or may likely need cervical cerclage in their passage toward a safe pregnancy step. You Can Read also:- What is Ovarian Cancer? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options What is Cervical Cerclage? Cervical cerclage is a surgical intervention that necessitates the stitching of a cervix by strong sutures to provide mechanical support, keeping it from premature dilation during pregnancy. This procedure is commonly recommended for women suffering from cervical incompetence, where cervical shortening or opening occurs too early due to weakened cervical tissues. The procedure reinforces the cervix to effectively minimize the chance of preterm birth or miscarriage by keeping the uterus stable. Who Needs Cervical Cerclage? The use of cervical cerclage is indicated in women at risk for premature dilation of the cervix during pregnancy. Some of the indications for this procedure are: History of Second-Trimester Miscarriages: History of one or more spontaneous abortions due to cervical insufficiency in the past. Previous Preterm Labor: Particularly if this occurred before 34 weeks because of cervical issues. Short Cervix Diagnosis: Diagnosed by ultrasound, generally less than 25mm by the second trimester. Cervical Insufficiency Diagnosis: Weakening of the cervix, which may open early with no contractions. Multiple Pregnancies: Increased risk for cervical weakening in women carrying two or more fetuses. History of Surgical Procedures on the Cervix: Procedures such as cone biopsy or LEEP may lead to cervical weakness.   Types of Cervical Cerclage There are three main types of cervical cerclage procedures, each of which is dependent on the history of the patient and the current condition of the pregnancy: McDonald Cerclage: The most common type, which involves putting a purse-string stitch around the cervix to hold and support it, is often done proximally between twelve and fourteen weeks of pregnancy. Shirodkar Cerclage: In the same way performed as what has been discussed in the McDonald technique, but in this case, the placement of the stitch is much closer to the internal cervical opening to provide much more support. A more complicated surgical procedure may be required. Transabdominal Cerclage (TAC): It is performed through an abdominal incision; this form of surgery is the most needed option for women with very scanty or absolutely no cervix. This is normally done pre-pregnancy or at the beginning of the gestation period and would require delivery through cesarean section. You can read also:- 12 Home Remedies for Dandruff and Itchy Scalp That Work Cervical Cerclage Procedure: Step-by-Step Here is a more elaborate description of the cervical cerclage procedure in the usual sense: Pre-Procedure Evaluation: An ultrasound examination is performed for assessment of the cervical length and any evidence of possible infections and other complications. Blood tests and other routine assessments of the patient are performed to assess her fitness for the procedure. Preparation: The patient receives anesthesia, either spinal, epidural, or general, for comfort. The bladder is emptied, and the vaginal area is cleaned for hygiene purposes. Positioning: The positioning of the patient is lithotomy (with the legs laid out, raised, and separated in stirrups) to allow access to the cervix. Stitching: The surgeon uses heavy sutures to place around the cervix and tighten it, depending on which procedure has been carried out (McDonald, Shirodkar, or TAC). In some instances, additional reinforcement by tucking in the cervical tissue may also be done. Knotting: The suture is tied tightly to prevent the cervix from opening. The knot’s location may vary depending on the procedure. Post-Operative Monitor: The patient is observed for several hours to monitor for uterine contractions, bleeding, or signs of infection. Recovery and Discharge: Most patients are released on the same day or after very brief hospitalizations. Advice on rest and restricted activities was given in the days that followed. Stitch Removal (if needed): Normally, the stitch is going to be taken out at about 36-37 weeks of pregnancy or earlier, depending on the onset of natural labor. When is Cervical Cerclage Removed? Cerclage is often pulled out from about thirty-six to thirty-seven weeks of gestation to facilitate spontaneous physiological delivery. However, cerclage can be taken out earlier in some circumstances, such as: Preterm Labor Signs End: Removal may occur if contractions or signs of early labor develop to avoid complications. Rupture of Membranes: Usually, it’s left to nature; unfortunately, when the bag of waters ruptures earlier, then removal becomes necessary. Infection Manifestations: With conditions like chorioamnionitis, immediate removal of stitches may be warranted. Term of Pregnancy: In uncomplicated cases, it is removed even before delivery to allow normal physiologic opening of the cervix during labor. Potential Risks & Benefits of Cervical Cerclage Cerclage is often pulled out from about thirty-six to thirty-seven weeks of gestation to facilitate spontaneous physiological delivery. However, cerclage can be taken out earlier in some circumstances, sua Benefits: Prevention of Preterm Birth: Helps in preventing premature opening, thus helping in the prevention of premature delivery. Ensures High-Risk Pregnancy Safety: Effective for women with a history of loss in the second trimester or a diagnosed short cervix. Boosts Fetal Survival Rates: The procedure enhances the possibility of carrying the pregnancy to term through the maintenance of cervical strength. Risks: Infection: The procedure can increase the risk for infection in both the uterus and cervix. Bleeding: Some minor bleeding

12 Home Remedies for Dandruff and Itchy Scalp That Work

Book An Appointment Introduction Itchiness of the scalp and dandruff are general issues that happen to everyone at any age, tending to cause them to feel embarrassed and uncomfortable. Dandruff is expressed through yellow or white flakes on the scalp and hair and, sometimes, redness and inflammation. An itchy scalp may occur due to dryness, excessive oil secretion, or fungal infestation. Though these conditions are not typically severe, they can be chronic and infuriating to manage. In this article, we will discuss the signs of dandruff and an itchy scalp, discuss the frequent causes like bad scalp hygiene, skin conditions, and environmental conditions, and look at good home remedies to treat and prevent these problems naturally. You Can Read also:- What is Ovarian Cancer? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options Causes of Dandruff & itchy Scalp There is a wide variety of skin, fungal, and lifestyle causes of itchy when associated with dandruff. Here are the top reasons: Malassezia: It is a mature fungal scalp organism that ‘feeds’ off oils present on the scalp when it becomes imbalanced, leading to flaking and itching. Seborrheic Dermatitis causes inflammation in parts of the scalp characterized by its appearance, that is, red, greasy patches with white or yellow scales. It is linked to the exaggerated production of oil and fungal sensitivity. Dry Scalp: A dry scalp is caused by temperature changes, such as in cold weather or harsh chemicals in hair products, resulting in a small amount of white flakes. Excess Oil & Product Buildup: The scalp is a greasy secret, and too much usage of hair products usually blocks the follicles, which causes flaking and itching. Contact Dermatitis: An allergic person’s scalp is red, itchy, and dandy because he uses hair products containing chemical substances. Poor Scalp Hygiene: The longer the space that elapses between washes, the more oiliness, secretion, and dead skin start gathering, thus catering to the pathogens-bacteria and fungi. Stress & Hormone: Stress and hormonal changes would alter oil production and lead to dandruff. Nutritional Deficiencies: Also, lack of zinc and B vitamins or omega-3s tends to increase the severity of flaking and sensitivity of the scalp. Skin Conditions: Psoriasis and eczema are among the conditions that make scabs thick and form swollen, inflamed patches on the human scalp. Other environmental conditions: Extreme weather and pollution can dry or irritate the scalp and enhance the conditions for having dandruff on one’s scalp. 12 Home Remedies for Dandruff These herbal treatments manage dandruff by treating fungal overgrowth, equalizing scalp oils, and curbing inflammation. Each treatment possesses a scientifically established biological action: Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV): ACV is astringent and helps to re-balance the pH of the scalp, rendering it less welcoming to dandruff-inducing fungi such as Malassezia. Combine equal parts ACV and water, apply to the scalp, leave on for 10-15 minutes, then rinse. It works as an antimicrobial, which stops bacterial infection. Tea Tree Oil: Includes terpinen-4-ol, an antifungal and anti-inflammatory compound that suppresses Malassezia growth. Blend a few drops with a carrier oil (coconut/olive oil) and massage into the scalp before shampooing. Helps decrease itchiness and scalp irritation by calming irritated skin. Coconut Oil: This carries lauric acid, a naturally occurring fungicide that suppresses scalp fungus and infection. Warm coconut oil, massage the scalp, sit for 30 minutes, rinse with a mild shampoo. Closely condition the scalp so it doesn’t get dry dandruff. Aloe Vera: Enzymes and polysaccharides within reduce inflammation and assist with the exfoliation of dead skin cells, precluding flake buildup. Leave aloe vera gel on a fresh scalp for 20 minutes before rinsing off. Offers cooling relief, relieving scalp inflammation and itch. Baking Soda: Functions as an all-natural exfoliant, which eliminates dead skin cells and clogged oil and keeps dandruff at bay. Apply a little baking soda to wet hair, massage for a few minutes, and rinse well. Possesses antifungal agents that suppress the growth of Malassezia. Improve your hair and scalp’s health with lemon juice, as it is quite acidic. A little bit of it on your whole scalp gets the pH levels balanced and reduces oiliness, thus making it difficult for fungi to flourish. Apply lemon juice to the scalp by letting it sit there for about 5-10 minutes before rinsing it off. This technique has a natural tendency to lighten hair and largely eliminate product build-up from hair. Yogurt and Probiotics: Really rich in lactic acid and probiotics, too. This healthful blend helps balance out the scalp microbiome and fight fungal overgrowth in the scalp. Spread plain yogurt over your scalp, let it stay for some 20 minutes, and then rinse with lukewarm water. Gives strength to hair follicles, making the hair grow healthily. Neem (Indian Lilac): This is rich in nimbidin and nimbin, both having antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory agents, which kill germs causing dandruff. Boil the neem leaves, let them cool down, and apply them as a rinse for your scalp. It calms irritated scalps and cuts down redness. Fenugreek Seeds: Saponins present in fenugreek seeds clean the scalp and eliminate fungal deposits, thus decreasing dandruff. Soak fenugreek seeds overnight, make a paste, apply to the scalp for 30 minutes, and then wash. Fortifies hair roots, avoiding hair fall. Olive Oil: Loosens and softens coarse dandruff flakes, allowing them to be easily washed away. Warm olive oil, massage onto the scalp at bedtime, leave on overnight, and shampoo in the morning. Full of antioxidants that moisturize the scalp and keep it from becoming dry. Green Tea: This has epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is antifungal and anti-inflammatory, reducing dandruff. Steep green tea, allow it to cool, and use it as a shampoo rinse. Encourages hair growth by enhancing blood flow to the scalp. Honey: A natural humectant that locks in moisture, avoiding scalp dryness causing dandruff. Its antibacterial qualities ensure a healthy scalp. Combine raw honey with warm water, apply to the scalp, leave for 20 minutes, and then rinse. It deeply nourishes, making hair soft and lustrous. You can read

What is Ovarian Cancer? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Book An Appointment Introduction Peripheral neuropathy is a disease that occurs when the peripheral nerves, which link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, are damaged. This can impair communication between the central nervous system and the periphery, and thus causes many kinds of sensory, motor, and autonomic disturbances. In this overview, we will see the various kinds of peripheral neuropathy, how common causes, such as diabetes, infections, and trauma are involved, analyze symptoms from numbness and pain to muscle weakness, and go over the range of treatment available in medications, lifestyle changes, and therapies. The better this condition is known, the easier it is for patients to realize and manage their situation. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery Types of Peripheral Neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy can be classified into different types based on the affected nerve types and the underlying cause. These include: Sensory Neuropathy: This type affects the sensory nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or sharp pain, particularly in the hands and feet. It may cause difficulty in detecting temperature or touch, increasing the risk of injuries. Motor Neuropathy Motor neuropathy occurs in the motor nerves that convey impulses to carry out muscle contractions. A person may face weakness, spasms, tremors, or even atrophy of muscles with severe involvement. Fine motor work becomes difficult. Autonomic Neuropathy: The disease disrupts automatic functions of the body, like heart rate and blood pressure regulation, digestion, and bladder control, when it affects the autonomic nerves. Dizziness when standing, sweating disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders are also common symptoms. Focal Neuropathy: Focal neuropathy, or mononeuropathy, is a nerve damage involving the impairment of one nerve or several nerves. Pain or weakness often occurs in one specific area such as the wrist, hand, or face. Carpal tunnel syndrome is among the common causes of focal neuropathy. Polyneuropathy: This is the most common form of peripheral neuropathy and affects multiple peripheral nerves at once. Diabetes is the most common cause, resulting in symptoms that typically follow a “glove and stocking” distribution, beginning in the hands and feet. Proximal Neuropathy: Also referred to as diabetic amyotrophy, this is a rare type of neuropathy primarily affecting the thighs, hips, or buttocks, which leads to extreme pain and muscle weakness. This type of neuropathy is mostly found in people suffering from type 2 diabetes.   You can read also:- Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty): Surgery, Recovery, Risks & Results What Causes Peripheral Neuropathy? Peripheral neuropathy may be caused by a variety of underlying diseases, environmental exposures, or even genetic predispositions. Some common causes include the following: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy; it is more common in the form of diabetic neuropathy. High glucose level in blood can damage the nerves and blood vessels that supply them due to which symptoms occur, mainly feeling and motor disturbance. Physical Trauma or Injury: Trauma to the body following an accident, fracture, or repetitive stress injury-for example, carpal tunnel syndrome-can cause peripheral nerves to become compressed or severed, resulting in neuropathy localized to the site of injury. Infections: Examples of infections causing damage to peripheral nerves include shingles, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and Lyme disease. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome cause inflammation and damage to nerves, which can result in neuropathy. Alcoholism: Chronic alcohol abuse leads to deficiencies in many nutrients, including B vitamins that are important to the health of nerves, causing alcoholic neuropathy. Nutritional Deficiency: Deficient levels of a few nutrients-the B1 also known as thiamine B6 also known as pyridoxine B12 cobalamin and E-can affect peripheral nerve function Exposure to Toxins: Longterm exposure to noxious agents-heavy metals such as lead and mercury industrial chemicals as well as chemotherapeutic drugs can damage nerves. Inherited Disorders: Inherited disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, can lead to progressive nerve damage and symptoms of neuropathy. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: Metabolic conditions, including hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease, can cause progressive nerve damage. How does this condition affect the body? The symptoms vary with the type of nerves affected and severity of the condition. Common symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include: Numbness or tingling: A feeling of pins and needles, often beginning in the hands or feet. It could be persistent or episodic in nature, stabbing, or even electric-like, as in burning or sharp. Heightened Sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to touch (allodynia) or pain from stimuli that are not normally painful. Loss of Sensation: Inability to feel temperature, pain, or touch and therefore at higher risk of burns or injuries. Muscle Weakness: Trouble doing tasks requiring strength or coordination, such as gripping or walking. Cramps and Twitching: Involuntary muscle contractions or spasms. Muscle Atrophy: Progressive thinning of muscles due to prolonged nerve damage. Dizziness or fainting is caused by hypotension, especially orthostatic hypotension when one stands up. Digestive issues include diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and nausea. Sweating malfunctions are marked by over sweating or under sweating. Bladder and Sexual malfunction: It affects the urination process, particularly erectile dysfunction. How common is this condition? Peripheral neuropathy is a common disease that affects the majority of the world’s population. Its prevalence varies with age, comorbid conditions, and risk factors: General Population. An estimated 2-7% of the general population have peripheral neuropathy, and its prevalence increases appreciably with age. Diabetic Neuropathy: Neuropathy is highly common in people with diabetes. According to research, the lifetime risk for developing diabetic peripheral neuropathy for people with diabetes is greater than 50%. Elderly population: The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are suffered by approximately 10-20% of seniors aged over 60. Alcohol-related Neuropathy: It has been estimated that 25-66% of chronic alcohol abusers suffer from peripheral neuropathy due to nutrient deficiencies and toxic insult. Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy: In cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, 30-40% develop neuropathy as a result of the treatment. Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy Treatment for peripheral neuropathy is focused on the underlying cause of the disease, managing symptoms, and preventing

Peripheral Neuropathy: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Book An Appointment Introduction Peripheral neuropathy is a disease that occurs when the peripheral nerves, which link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, are damaged. This can impair communication between the central nervous system and the periphery, and thus causes many kinds of sensory, motor, and autonomic disturbances. In this overview, we will see the various kinds of peripheral neuropathy, how common causes, such as diabetes, infections, and trauma are involved, analyze symptoms from numbness and pain to muscle weakness, and go over the range of treatment available in medications, lifestyle changes, and therapies. The better this condition is known, the easier it is for patients to realize and manage their situation. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery Types of Peripheral Neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy can be classified into different types based on the affected nerve types and the underlying cause. These include: Sensory Neuropathy: This type affects the sensory nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or sharp pain, particularly in the hands and feet. It may cause difficulty in detecting temperature or touch, increasing the risk of injuries. Motor Neuropathy Motor neuropathy occurs in the motor nerves that convey impulses to carry out muscle contractions. A person may face weakness, spasms, tremors, or even atrophy of muscles with severe involvement. Fine motor work becomes difficult. Autonomic Neuropathy: The disease disrupts automatic functions of the body, like heart rate and blood pressure regulation, digestion, and bladder control, when it affects the autonomic nerves. Dizziness when standing, sweating disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders are also common symptoms. Focal Neuropathy: Focal neuropathy, or mononeuropathy, is a nerve damage involving the impairment of one nerve or several nerves. Pain or weakness often occurs in one specific area such as the wrist, hand, or face. Carpal tunnel syndrome is among the common causes of focal neuropathy. Polyneuropathy: This is the most common form of peripheral neuropathy and affects multiple peripheral nerves at once. Diabetes is the most common cause, resulting in symptoms that typically follow a “glove and stocking” distribution, beginning in the hands and feet. Proximal Neuropathy: Also referred to as diabetic amyotrophy, this is a rare type of neuropathy primarily affecting the thighs, hips, or buttocks, which leads to extreme pain and muscle weakness. This type of neuropathy is mostly found in people suffering from type 2 diabetes.   You can read also:- Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty): Surgery, Recovery, Risks & Results What Causes Peripheral Neuropathy? Peripheral neuropathy may be caused by a variety of underlying diseases, environmental exposures, or even genetic predispositions. Some common causes include the following: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy; it is more common in the form of diabetic neuropathy. High glucose level in blood can damage the nerves and blood vessels that supply them due to which symptoms occur, mainly feeling and motor disturbance. Physical Trauma or Injury: Trauma to the body following an accident, fracture, or repetitive stress injury-for example, carpal tunnel syndrome-can cause peripheral nerves to become compressed or severed, resulting in neuropathy localized to the site of injury. Infections: Examples of infections causing damage to peripheral nerves include shingles, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and Lyme disease. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome cause inflammation and damage to nerves, which can result in neuropathy. Alcoholism: Chronic alcohol abuse leads to deficiencies in many nutrients, including B vitamins that are important to the health of nerves, causing alcoholic neuropathy. Nutritional Deficiency: Deficient levels of a few nutrients-the B1 also known as thiamine B6 also known as pyridoxine B12 cobalamin and E-can affect peripheral nerve function Exposure to Toxins: Longterm exposure to noxious agents-heavy metals such as lead and mercury industrial chemicals as well as chemotherapeutic drugs can damage nerves. Inherited Disorders: Inherited disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, can lead to progressive nerve damage and symptoms of neuropathy. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: Metabolic conditions, including hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease, can cause progressive nerve damage. How does this condition affect the body? The symptoms vary with the type of nerves affected and severity of the condition. Common symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include: Numbness or tingling: A feeling of pins and needles, often beginning in the hands or feet. It could be persistent or episodic in nature, stabbing, or even electric-like, as in burning or sharp. Heightened Sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to touch (allodynia) or pain from stimuli that are not normally painful. Loss of Sensation: Inability to feel temperature, pain, or touch and therefore at higher risk of burns or injuries. Muscle Weakness: Trouble doing tasks requiring strength or coordination, such as gripping or walking. Cramps and Twitching: Involuntary muscle contractions or spasms. Muscle Atrophy: Progressive thinning of muscles due to prolonged nerve damage. Dizziness or fainting is caused by hypotension, especially orthostatic hypotension when one stands up. Digestive issues include diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and nausea. Sweating malfunctions are marked by over sweating or under sweating. Bladder and Sexual malfunction: It affects the urination process, particularly erectile dysfunction. How common is this condition? Peripheral neuropathy is a common disease that affects the majority of the world’s population. Its prevalence varies with age, comorbid conditions, and risk factors: General Population. An estimated 2-7% of the general population have peripheral neuropathy, and its prevalence increases appreciably with age. Diabetic Neuropathy: Neuropathy is highly common in people with diabetes. According to research, the lifetime risk for developing diabetic peripheral neuropathy for people with diabetes is greater than 50%. Elderly population: The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are suffered by approximately 10-20% of seniors aged over 60. Alcohol-related Neuropathy: It has been estimated that 25-66% of chronic alcohol abusers suffer from peripheral neuropathy due to nutrient deficiencies and toxic insult. Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy: In cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, 30-40% develop neuropathy as a result of the treatment. Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy Treatment for peripheral neuropathy is focused on the underlying cause of the disease, managing symptoms, and preventing

15 Daily Habits for a Healthy Lifestyle

Book An Appointment Overview Daily habits for fitness should be focused on overall wellbeing, both physical and mental; this creates an approach balanced towards physical, mental as well as emotional wellbeing. Regular physical activity is inclusive of exercises like jogging, walking or resistance exercises that could play an important role in maintaining good health, and leading a heart-fitter life as well as improving overall energy levels. Food dominated by fruits, vegetables, whole grains, high proteins, and fats with nutrients, will lead to the optimal functioning of the body preventing the person from falling prey to a whole list of chronic diseases. Sound, good sleeping arrangements, about seven to nine hours per night, and mental clarity are a key aspect of any recovery plan. On the other hand, stress management techniques in the form of yoga or meditation, and other relaxation techniques such as breathing, reduce anxiety and improve emotional health. Additionally, staying hydrated, building positive social networks, and avoiding such negative habits as smoking or very much of a close follow-up of alcohol completes the process of ensuring wellness in the life cycle. With these activities in place, many people will enhance appreciably both health and quality of life and decrease the risk of disease. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery How To Incorporate Healthy Habits In Your Lifestyle Even implementing new habits requires some thought and a slow process in order to make them long-lasting. Here are some tips for actually doing-it— First Small Steps: Take small steps-by stopping, say, one change, like drinking more water, or taking a short walk every day. This will totally allow you to form a regular habit and stop getting too overwhelmed. Also, make better plans for more Specific Targets: Be definite that you place exact, easy-to-attain targets. For an example, take a vegetable supplementary meal every time or try a little increase in jogging time over the week. Meal Planning: Effective planning for meals and snacks aids in anticipating a good way to avoid unhealthy compromises. Focus a lot on whole foods and try to limit processed or sugary treats. Make a Schedule: Keep on going. Keep pushing your way each day onto healthy habits either by setting up a schedule, going to sleep, setting a fixed time set for exercise daily, or just planning on taking up meal prep on a weekly basis. Involvement in Healthy Enjoyable Activities: The exercise should not be a task but a joy to do. You can try a little of everything to what most appeal to you such as doing activities such as dancing, riding a bike, or swimming. Responsible for Someone: Don’t be afraid to say what your health objectives are for either a friend or a family member to keep you both motivated and honest. One other way is recording it through an app or a journal. Puts Him to Rest a Lot: Establish a really restful bedtime routine and work towards a strictly consistent sleep time. Stay away from digital screens before you hit sleep, and let the environment be made conducive for slumber once for all. Use Mindfulness: Make feeding meditation and yoga stress-releasing. This can enhance that mental being effectively.   You can read also:- Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty): Surgery, Recovery, Risks & Results 15 Healthy Habits For a Healthy Lifestyle Here are 15 habits that you can practice to maintain a balanced and healthy life: Drink Plenty of Water: Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day, but you may require more if you’re exercising or working in a hot climate. This is vital to keep the body hydrated. Eat a Well-Balanced Diet: Eat a variety of whole and healthy foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, and fats good for the body.  Do Regular Exercise: Ensure at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity workouts to occur within one week. It is important to incorporate both strength and flexibility in the cardiovascular session. Enough Sleep is Must: Give priority to 7-9 hours of proper sleep every night for the physical and mental health benefits it provides plus immune-boosting capability. Call Mindfulness into Action: One way is to introduce exercises like mindfulness meditation, conscious breathing, or yoga as they help relieve stress and contribute, in turn, to better emotional well-being. Lessened Chances of Processed Food Intake: Fill your diet with plenty of home-cooked food and minimal exposure of junk food that’s usually produced with a surfeit of unhealthy fats, sugars, and sodium – the most common actors of health disorders over time.  Time to Time Cut Back Screen Time: Keep restricted use of gadgets to enhance the quality of sleep and save the eyes from fatigue and unwanted mental strain. No Smoking and Drinking in Excess: Help yourself to avoid many diseases overall, including the ill effects of smoking and heavy drinking, as well as maintaining overall health longevity.  Acknowledge Gratitude: Dedicate a few minutes every day where you can cite the positive occurrences or happiness in your life. That little practice would highly boost mental health and happier mood feelings.  Stay Connected: Build and maintain close social relationships with people whom you may refer to as friends, family, or support. It is well known in the literature that stronger social bonds could lead to increased emotional and mental health. Regular Stretches: Make stretching exercises part of your daily routine so that the body becomes more flexible and untensed, making the body’s muscles less likely to strain and rupture. Prioritize Mental Welfare: Engaging in activities that promote mental wellness, such as journaling, seeing a specialist when needed, and engaging in hobbies.  Good Hygiene: Making a habit of washing hands frequently, brushing teeth, and taking showers to prevent infections and ensure general well-being.  Consumption must be kept in moderation: Mindful eating and portion control help to manage weight and avoid unnecessary eating behaviors.  Be Outdoors: Get out into the open whether it is under the moonlight or in a garden to walk, hike, or

Broken Nose: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

Book An Appointment Introduction: What is a broken nose? A broken nose, medically known as a nasal fracture, is a common injury, usually caused by trauma, accidents, or sports activities. It usually leads to pain, swelling, breathing problems through the nose, bruising, and sometimes epistaxis (nosebleeds). Just like a doctor or physician cannot give treatment for anybody without knowing Symptoms, Causes, and prevention. The guide below explains the common symptoms of a broken nose, the causes of a break, treatment methods, and ways to prevent a break. We will guide how essential is to have medical attention and appropriate care to a healthy recovery as well. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery Symptoms of a broken nose Signs of a broken nose usually depend on how severe the injury is. Common signs include: Pain: Sharp, stabbing, or throbbing pain in the area of the injury, particularly when touched or moved. Swelling: Swelling around the nose and eyes; sometimes called “black eyes” or “raccoon eyes.” Bleeding: Bleeding from the nose or under the eyes. Nosebleeds: Bleeding from the nostrils, which can be either continuous or intermittent Deformity: A change in the shape or alignment of the nose; for example, crookedness or a flat nose. Obstructed Breathing: A sensation of tightness or inability to breathe through one or both nostrils because of a swollen or blocked nasal passage. Tenderness: There may be tenderness around the nose. The nasal cavity or sinuses can become damaged and in some cases, clear fluid can drain from the nose. When to see a doctor If you feel your nose is broken, especially when you have one or more of the following: Intense Pain: It may be very severe, and it does not fade with pain relievers bought in stores, or if it becomes worse. Deformity or Misalignment: When your nose looks bent, flattened, or deformed, it could mean a fracture that needs to be set by a doctor to assume its normal shape. Difficulty Breathing: If you find it hard to breathe through one or both of the nostrils, then there might be swelling or a blockage because of the fracture. Severe Bleeding: If bleeding continues from the nose for over 20 minutes despite constant pressure being applied, it requires immediate medical assistance. Clear Fluid Drainage: If clear fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains from the nose, it may be a sign of a more severe injury, such as damage to the skull or brain, and you should seek medical attention right away. Vision Problems or Headache: If you have blurred vision, headaches, dizziness, or any other neurological symptoms, it may be a sign of a more serious head injury, and you should see a doctor right away. You can read also:- Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty): Surgery, Recovery, Risks & Results Causes of a broken nose A broken nose often results from injuries or trauma to the face. Common causes include: Sports Injuries: Contact sports like football, basketball, hockey, and boxing frequently lead to nasal fractures. Car Accidents: The impact of a collision can cause facial injuries, including a broken nose. Physical Altercations: Punches or kicks to the face during fights are a major cause of broken noses. Workplace Accidents: Jobs in high-risk industries like construction or manufacturing can result in facial trauma. Recreational Activities: Activities like skiing, cycling, or skateboarding can cause nasal injuries. Object Impact: A direct hit to the nose from objects like balls, hammers, or doors can result in fractures. Non-Contact Sports Accidents: Incidents in racquet sports, gymnastics, or other non-contact activities may also lead to a broken nose. Risk Factors of Broken Nose Several factors can increase the risk of a broken nose: Contact Sports: Playing sports like football, basketball, hockey, or boxing raises the likelihood of facial injuries. Age: Active children and young adults are more prone to injuries, while older adults are at higher risk due to falls. Gender: Men face a higher risk due to greater participation in contact sports and risky activities. Previous Injuries: A history of nasal fractures can make reinjury more likely. Risky Behaviors: Fighting, substance abuse, and reckless driving increase the chances of accidents. Hazardous Environments: Workplaces like construction sites or areas with heavy machinery heighten the risk of facial trauma. Falls: Elderly individuals or those with balance issues are more vulnerable to injuries from falls. Violence: Assaults or domestic violence often involve direct blows to the face. Recreational Activities: Sports like cycling, skateboarding, or skiing carry risks of falls or collisions. Medical Conditions: Bone-weakening conditions like osteoporosis can lead to fractures from minor impacts. Complications of broken nose While most broken noses heal with proper care, complications can arise if left untreated: Breathing Issues: Swelling or a misaligned septum can cause chronic nasal congestion or breathing difficulties. Deformity: Improper healing may result in a crooked or misshapen nose, sometimes requiring surgery to correct. Chronic Sinus Problems: Damage to the sinuses can lead to recurring infections or sinusitis, causing headaches and congestion. Deviated Septum: A displaced septum can lead to breathing trouble, snoring, or frequent sinus infections, often needing surgical repair. Infections: Rarely, nasal bone infections (osteomyelitis) may occur, requiring antibiotics or surgery. Tear Duct Damage: Severe trauma near the eyes can affect tear drainage, leading to frequent tearing. Weakened Structure: A previously broken nose may be more prone to future fractures. Emotional Impact: Injuries from accidents or violence can lead to anxiety or PTSD. Surgical Risks: Procedures to fix the nose may involve risks like infection, scarring, or complications from anesthesia. How is a broken nose diagnosed? A fractured Nose is diagnosed and assessed with the help of some clinical history taking along with physical examination and sometimes some imaging techniques are employed for additional investigations: Clinical Examination: Observe for pain, swelling, bruising, or difficulty to breath, Ask if there is any deformed tenderness, mobility, and movement of the nasal bone, along with whether there is nasal bleeding or septal damage. Medical History: Queries on how the

Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty): Surgery, Recovery, Risks & Results

Book An Appointment What is a tummy tuck? Abdominoplasty-another term for tummy tuck, referring to removing skin and fat from the abdomen as well as tightening the abdominal muscles. This procedure can be sought when a lot of weight is lost through surgery, birth, or just aging to have flaccid, sagging skin and weakened muscles in the abdomen. The purpose of this surgery is to contour and mold the shape and look of the abdomen to give a more chiseled and youthful contour. The procedure can sometimes also rectify diastasis recti, which are separated abdominal muscles, as well as stretch marks from skin on the stomach. The surgery is not for losing weight, but rather is used to give a cosmetic appearance to the abdomen area. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery When is a tummy tuck necessary? A tummy tuck is usually considered a necessity when excess skin, fat, or weakened muscles in the abdominal area cause severe cosmetic concerns or physical discomfort. It may be advised following significant weight loss, pregnancy, or aging, when diet and exercise cannot restore the appearance or firmness of the abdomen. The tummy tuck is an excellent way out of the medical concern arising when the belly skin or fat folds beyond hygiene; irritation or backache is causedIt is mostly an excellent concern to take for most people, while others do it entirely to improve their external appearance. What are the types of tummy tuck surgery? Different types of tummy tuck surgeries are designed to address different concerns in different areas of the abdomen. They are one of the following types: Full Tummy Tuck (Standard Abdominoplasty): Full tummy tuck is an operation where both parts are done. It requires a large incision on the lower abdomen from hip to hip, removing the skin and fat. It involves tightening of the muscle, as well as the repositioning of the navel. Mini Tummy Tuck: An incision made just below the navel and limited to the slightly lower abdominal area defines a mini tummy tuck treatment. A mini-operation of this kind is appropriate for cases that require a little skin or fat removal, usually after some amount of weight loss or pregnancy, from the lower abdomen (below the navel). Muscle tightening, when performed. Extended Tummy Tuck: An extension of the full tummy tuck with an incision further around the sides of the body. It is best for persons having a considerable amount of excess skin and fat, usually due to a major weight loss. The extended incision allows for the excision of more skin from the flanks (love handles) and lower back. Circumferential Tummy Tuck (Body Lift): A circumferential tummy tuck procedure combines working on the abdomen or the hips and around the back. This mainly occurs after considerable weight loss because it removes the lower abdominal skin, the flanks, and around the back, which provides smooth and contoured appearances for the entire torso. Fleur-de-Lis Tummy Tuck: This type of surgery is not a real type of surgery; it is modification of the traditional lower incision by adding a vertical incision down the midline of the abdomen. It is advisable for individuals having both horizontal and vertical laxity, especially after much weight loss, as it addresses both horizontal and vertical excess skin. You can read also:- Periprosthetic (Knee) Joint Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment What happens during a tummy tuck? In a tummy tuck, the surgeon will make an incision along the lower abdomen to remove the excess skin and fat. The abdominal muscles are tightened by suturing them together to give a firmer and flatter appearance. In some cases, the belly button needs to be repositioned. For a full tummy tuck, the incision may go from hip to hip, and the surgeon may also contour the sides. It takes 2 to 5 hours according to the work to be done, and it is done under general anesthesia. After doing the procedure, the incision is sutured, and the patient is monitored during recovery. What happens after a tummy tuck? After a tummy tuck, recovery follows different stages and considerations: 1. Immediate After Surgery: Anesthesia Effects: Anesthesia is wearing off, and you are being observed after surgery. You will probably feel drowsy and experience some pain that can be controlled with medications. Compression Garment: You will need to wear a compression garment around your abdomen for weeks. This helps with reducing swelling and supports the healing process, allowing the skin to conform to the new flow of your body. Drainage Tubes: These tubes drain out excess fluid by preventing complications brought about by seroma (the collection of fluids). Usually, this lasts for a few days after undergoing surgery.   2. Initial Recovery (1-2 Weeks): Swelling and Bruising: Swelling and bruising will generally cover most of the area and will abate slowly in the first weeks. An external compression might help to a very good level in containing the swelling.  Pain and Discomfort: Usually, pain relief is quite effective. When it’s really sore, sometimes near to the incision, and stiff, limited mobility often occurs within the first couple of days post surgery specifically bending at the waist. Limited Mobility: It can be best not to recommend an upright position for several days and bend at the waist. This way, it would not exert the abdominal muscle, yet walking would do wonders for circulation and avoiding clots.   3. Short-Term Recovery (2-6 weeks): Resumption of Activities: Most people can do light activities after 2 weeks. I would restrict any form of strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, and any kind of activity that can involve the abdominal region until your surgeon advises you on it.  Follow-Up Appointments: For healing, stitches removal, and chec; monitoring will be sought at the follow-up appointments. Risk, Benefits & Recovery Risk: A tummy tuck has aesthetic and functional benefits to offer, making it a highly sought-after procedure for patients who want to improve the shape of their body.

Herniated Disc: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

Book An Appointment Introduction The slipped or ruptured disc condition commonly referred to as a herniated disc is a spine condition in which the soft, gel-like center of a spinal disc bulges outward through its tougher outer layer. This can irritate nerves nearby and cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, neck, arms, or legs. This can result from aging or normal wear and tear, injury, incorrect lifting, and certain genetic predispositions, which can also contribute to this condition. In this discussion, we’ll take a deep dive into the causes of herniated discs, discuss their symptoms, and the differences that arise based on which portion of the spine is affected, trace how these can be diagnosed, and look at potential options for treatment from conservative practices such as physical therapy to more advanced surgical procedures. It serves as a guide to understanding the condition or to explore management. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery Symptoms of Herniated Disc Symptoms of a herniated disc depend on the area of compression and the severity of the compression. Common symptoms include: Pain: Activity, that further irritates the nerve, follows localized or radiating pain. Pain may be general in the back, neck, arms, or legs. Numbness or Tingling: Nerve compression may result in “pins and needles” in the compressed areas or total loss of sensation. Weakness: There is a loss of muscles, or a lack of strength in lifting, holding, or executing routine movements. Impaired Reflexes: Impaired nerve function leads to decreased or absent reflexes, which could be seen at the knees or ankles Cauda Equina Syndrome: A rarity but severe presentation is loss of control over the bowel and bladder along with numbness within the groin area, and this has an emergency treatment. Causes of Herniated Disc The causes of a herniated disc usually involve a combination of wear and tear from age, lifestyle conditions, and particular injuries. The primary causes are as follows: Degenerative Disc Disease: Aging causes the spinal discs to lose water and elasticity, making them more prone to tearing or rupture. Trauma or Injury: Sudden impacts from, for example, an automobile accident or fall can stretch discs to the breaking point by applying excess pressure on the spine. Poor Lifting Techniques: Picking heavy items without proper posture, especially relying on the back rather than the legs, can strain the discs and cause them to herniate. Repetitive Strain: Repeated movements, especially those that involve twisting and bending, can weaken discs over time. Genetic Predisposition: A family history of spinal conditions increases susceptibility to disc herniation. Increased Body Weight: Greater obesity puts extra weight stress on the spine, which also increases disc problems Continued Sitting or Poor Posture: Long periods of sitting, particularly with bad posture, can cause strain in the lower back and lead to disc herniation. Tobacco Smoking: Smoking reduces the oxygen supply to spinal discs which can accelerate degeneration and disc integrity weakening. You can read also:- Periprosthetic (Knee) Joint Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment Risk Factors of Herniated Disc Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing a herniated disc. These include: Age: The majority of herniated discs occur in people between the ages of 30 and 50. These discs are known to degenerate over time. Gender: Men have a slightly higher propensity for herniated discs, especially in the lumbar spine region. Occupation: Jobs that involve repetitive lifting, bending, twisting, or other activities that cause straining of the spine increase the risk. Obesity: Excessive body weight increases the stress placed on the spine, especially the lower back, making disc conditions probable. Poor Posture: Poor posture can be either sitting or standing and places additional pressures on the spine, bringing about disc displacement. Smoking: Smoking causes low oxygen supply to the spinal discs, hastens their degeneration process, and degrades the structural components. Genetic: The probability of having herniated discs is increased in cases where a family history of spinal issues is present. Lack of Exercise: Inactive muscles, especially the core and the back muscles, provide less support to the spine. This makes the individual more susceptible to disc injuries. Abrupt Trauma: Injuries from accidents or sudden movements such as falls or improper lifting can be caused by acute disc herniation. Complications of Herniated Disc Complications from a herniated disc may come along if the situation is not treated properly or if compression of nerves becomes advanced. These include; Chronic Pain: The chronic irritation in the nerves is accompanied by recurrent or persistent pain along the back, neck, arms, or legs. Damage to Nerves: Prolonged compression of the spinal nerves can cause permanent damage to nerves involved with sensations or movement. Loss of Mobility: In some cases, weakness or pain in the affected areas could limit his ability to do his daily chores or an active lifestyle. Bladder or Bowel Dysfunction: Full-blown herniation, especially in Cauda Equina Syndrome, leads to loss of bladder and bowel control. Muscle Atrophy: Long-term nerve damage causes muscles to weaken and atrophy over time due to denervation stimulation. Spinal Instability: For some people, uncorrected herniation poses risks of losing stability in the spine, making it susceptible to further devastating injuries. Diagnosis of Herniated Disc Diagnosing a herniated disc requires a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic imaging to confirm the condition. This is a general overview of the process. Medical History Inquire about symptoms, and when they start; inquire about their past injuries or medical conditions. Physical Examination Neurological Tests: Checking reflexes, muscle strength, and response of the sensory areas. Range of Motion: Checking flexibility and movement restrictions of the spine. Straight Leg Raise Test: Lifting the leg when lying down to check sciatica associated with lumbar herniation. Imaging Tests X-rays: They do not provide an image of the herniated disc, but X-rays help to rule out other spinal conditions like fractures or tumors. MRI: Images of soft tissues, like discs and nerves, are delivered to outline the herniation. CT Scan: Cross-sectional

Acne: Types, Causes, Treatments & Prevention

Book An Appointment Introduction It is termed a common skin condition because hair follicles block oil, dead skin cells, and sometimes bacteria. These blockages lead to pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, cysts, or nodules. They primarily appear on the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders. Acne occurs when the sebaceous glands produce extra amounts of oil, which combine with debris to block hair follicles. The clogged follicles can become inflamed or infected, and this can result in the appearance of various types of blemishes. Acne is most closely associated with the age of adolescence due to hormonal changes, but it is possible at any age. Other contributing factors for acne development and severity include genetics, diet, stress, and certain medications. You Can Read also:- Osteotomy (Bone Cutting): Types, Procedure, Treatment & Recovery What are the types of acne? Acne is able to take on several forms, minor to serious, depending upon the kinds of lesions that appear. The main forms that take place for acne lesions include: Comedones: These are the foundational bricks of acne, occurring when the pores that house hair become obstructed with oil and dead skin cells. They come in two forms: Blackheads: Also known as open comedones, where the trapped substance oxidizes and it gives the impression of black coloration at the surface. Whiteheads: Closed comedones in which the clogged material stays underneath the skin’s surface and presents as minute, flesh-colored bumps. Pimples (Papules): Small, red, raised bumps on the skin that occur when a follicle becomes inflamed but not yet infected. They are usually tender to the touch. Pustules: The same as above, but they have a white or yellowish center filled with pus. They result from the infection that is deep inside the follicle and are more painful. Nodules: These are large, solid bumps of varying size and are very painful. They occur when the follicle is severely occluded with inflammation deep into the skin, and this is harder to treat. They can lead to scarring if the condition is not managed appropriately. Cysts: Deep, painful, pus-filled lumps are the most severe form of acne. Because cystic acne is a form of inflammatory acne, it can cause serious scarring unless treated promptly and effectively. Cysts occur due to rupturing deep within the skin, where a large, painful lesion ensues. Cause of Acne Acne is majorly caused by a combination of factors leading to inflammation and clogging pores. They include: Excessive oil production: Overproduction of the sebaceous glands causes too much sebum that can clog the hair follicle. Dead skin cells: Dead skin cells mix with oil when the shedding of skin cells is not effective; hence pores get blocked. Bacteria: The bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) may infect blocked pores, causing inflammation. Hormonal changes: Hormones, particularly androgens during puberty, menstruation, or pregnancy, stimulate the production of oil. Genetics: Having close relatives with a history of acne increases the risk. Diet and stress: Not exactly causes, but certain types of food (high-glycemic or dairy) and stress may even trigger or worsen acne. You can read also:- Periprosthetic (Knee) Joint Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment What are the symptoms of acne? The symptoms of acne vary by the type and severity but can broadly include: Pimples: red, inflamed bumps on the skin which often contain pus-filled white or yellow center. Blackheads: Small, dark spots on the skin resulting from clogged pores. Whiteheads: Small, flesh-colored or white colored small bumps formed due to the blockage of pores under the skin. Cysts: Large, painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the skin that can cause scarring. Nodules: Hard, painful lumps that are under the skin and swollen or inflamed. Scarring: Severe breakouts may leave permanent marks or scars on the skin. Who does acne affect? Acne mainly affects teenagers and young adults, and nearly 85% of people between the ages of 12 and 24 experience acne. This is mainly because of hormonal activity at puberty, causing the glands to produce more oil in the skin. However, acne can be found at every age of life, even in adults. Many adults, especially women between the ages of 20 and 40, have it, often caused by hormonal changes, such as those during menstruation, pregnancy, or under stress. Other factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, diet, and skin type, can also contribute to determining who is more prone to developing acne. While more common in individuals with oily skin, acne is not only confined to those individuals-therefore, everyone can be vulnerable, regardless of skin type. What are the risk factors for developing acne? Several factors can increase the risk of developing acne, including: Hormonal variations: Puberty, menstruation, or pregnancy and conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome can stimulate an increase in sebum production. Genetic predisposition: If your family members are afflicted with acne, your chances are higher. Overproduction of oil: Oily skin blocks pores, one of the primary causes of acne. Diet: Consuming high sugar diets; dairy; or what most persons refer to as junk food can, to varying degrees make acne worse. Stress: These may trigger hormonal changes, which will again amplify the situation. Medications: In addition, some drugs that contain corticosteroids, birth control pills or other hormonal-based medications can cause acne. Cosmetic products: Some types of hair or skincare products can contribute to acne, notably the oil-based ones, as they clog pores. Environmental: Acne is also encouraged by environmental factors – such as humidity, air pollution, or touching the face repeatedly Treatments of Acne There are several treatments available for managing acne, depending on the severity and type. These include: 1. Topical Treatments: Benzoyl Peroxide: Kills acne-causing bacteria and reduces inflammation. Salicylic Acid: Helps exfoliate the skin and unclog pores. Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin): Speed up skin cell turnover and prevent clogged pores. Antibiotics (topical): Reduce bacteria and inflammation, often in combination with other treatments (e.g., clindamycin or erythromycin). Azelaic Acid: Helps reduce inflammation, clear pores, and treat pigmentation issues. 2. Pills Oral Antibiotics: For moderate to severe acne, oral antibiotics, such as doxycycline