Stomach Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Risks and Treatments

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Introduction: What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer, medically known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor that develops in the lining of the stomach. It is a significant health concern worldwide, with varying incidence rates across different regions and populations. This type of cancer often presents with few symptoms in its early stages, making it difficult to diagnose and treat effectively. However, advancements in medical technology and treatment modalities, particularly within the field of gastroenterology, have significantly improved outcomes for patients diagnosed with stomach cancer. In this discussion, we will explore the etiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for stomach cancer, with a particular focus on the expertise and advanced care provided at Rungta Hospital, renowned as the Best gastroenterology hospital in Jaipur

Causes of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a multifactorial disease influenced by a variety of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While the exact cause of stomach cancer remains unclear, several risk factors have been identified:

Helicobacter pylori infection: This bacterium is one of the most significant risk factors for stomach cancer. Chronic infection with H. pylori can lead to inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis) and, in some cases, the development of stomach cancer.
Dietary factors: Consuming a diet high in salty, smoked, or pickled foods, as well as processed meats, has been linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help reduce the risk.
Tobacco and alcohol use: Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption are associated with an elevated risk of developing stomach cancer.
Family history and genetics: Individuals with a family history of stomach cancer or certain inherited genetic conditions, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, may have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Age and gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, with the risk increasing with age. Men are also more likely than women to develop stomach cancer.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing stomach cancer.
Previous stomach surgery: Certain types of stomach surgery, such as partial gastrectomy performed for peptic ulcer disease, may increase the risk of stomach cancer in the remaining portion of the stomach.
Exposure to certain chemicals: Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos or coal dust, may increase the risk of stomach cancer.
Chronic inflammation: Conditions associated with chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, such as pernicious anemia or autoimmune gastritis, may elevate the risk of stomach cancer.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer often presents with nonspecific symptoms, especially in its early stages, which can make it challenging to diagnose. However, as the disease progresses, individuals may experience the following symptoms:

Persistent abdominal discomfort: This may include pain, aching, or a feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen, which may worsen after eating.
Unintentional weight loss: Significant and unexplained weight loss, often accompanied by a loss of appetite, can be a sign of stomach cancer.
Nausea and vomiting: Persistent nausea, vomiting, or both, which may occur after meals or without an obvious trigger, can be symptoms of stomach cancer.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): As the tumor grows, it may obstruct the passage of food through the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing, particularly with solid foods.
Feeling of bloating or fullness: Some individuals with stomach cancer may experience a sensation of bloating or fullness, even after consuming small amounts of food.
Fatigue: Generalized weakness, fatigue, and a decreased ability to perform daily activities may occur as a result of the cancer’s impact on the body.
Blood in the stool: Stomach cancer can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, leading to the presence of blood in the stool, which may appear dark or tarry.
Anemia: Chronic blood loss from the digestive tract can result in anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
Indigestion or heartburn: Persistent indigestion, heartburn, or discomfort in the upper abdomen, especially after eating, may be early signs of stomach cancer.
Swelling or fluid buildup in the abdomen: In advanced stages of stomach cancer, fluid may accumulate in the abdomen, leading to swelling and discomfort.

Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer

Diagnosing stomach cancer typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, imaging tests, endoscopic procedures, and biopsy. Here are the key components of diagnosing stomach cancer:

Medical history and physical examination: The healthcare provider will review the patient’s medical history and perform a physical examination to assess symptoms, risk factors, and any signs of stomach cancer.
Imaging tests: Various imaging tests may be used to visualize the stomach and surrounding structures, including:
- Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series: This involves swallowing a contrast dye that helps highlight abnormalities in the stomach and upper digestive tract on X-rays.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan: A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen, allowing for the detection of tumors and assessment of their size and extent.
- Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): This procedure involves inserting an ultrasound probe into the esophagus or stomach during an endoscopy to produce high-resolution images of the stomach wall and nearby lymph nodes.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI may be used to provide additional information about the extent of the tumor and its relationship to nearby structures.
Endoscopic procedures:
- Upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): During this procedure, a flexible, lighted scope (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to directly visualize the lining of the stomach and obtain tissue samples (biopsy) for examination.
- Endoscopic biopsy: Tissue samples (biopsies) may be obtained during an upper endoscopy or EUS-guided biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells and determine the type and stage of stomach cancer.
Laboratory tests: Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to assess for anemia, liver function, and tumor markers, which may be elevated in some cases of stomach cancer.
Histological examination: Tissue samples obtained during endoscopic biopsy or surgery are examined by a pathologist under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis of stomach cancer, determine the tumor type, grade, and stage, and guide treatment decisions.

Risks of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, presents a variety of risk factors that can increase an individual’s likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors can be categorized into several broad categories:

Helicobacter pylori infection: Chronic infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the most significant risk factors for stomach cancer. H. pylori can cause inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), which may lead to the development of stomach cancer over time.
Dietary factors: Consuming a diet high in salty, smoked, or pickled foods, as well as processed meats, has been associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help reduce the risk.
Tobacco and alcohol use: Smoking tobacco and heavy alcohol consumption are known risk factors for stomach cancer. Both habits can increase inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, potentially leading to cancer development.
Family history and genetics: Individuals with a family history of stomach cancer or certain inherited genetic conditions, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, may have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Age and gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, with the risk increasing with age. Men are also more likely than women to develop stomach cancer.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing stomach cancer, possibly due to the chronic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with excess body weight.
Previous stomach surgery: Certain types of stomach surgery, such as partial gastrectomy performed for peptic ulcer disease, may increase the risk of stomach cancer in the remaining portion of the stomach.
Exposure to certain chemicals: Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos or coal dust, may increase the risk of stomach cancer.
Chronic inflammation: Conditions associated with chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, such as pernicious anemia or autoimmune gastritis, may elevate the risk of stomach cancer.

Treatments for Stomach Cancer

The treatment options for stomach cancer depend on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the location and size of the tumor, the patient’s overall health, and their preferences. Treatment for stomach cancer often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Here are the primary treatments used for stomach cancer:

Surgery: Surgery is the most common treatment for stomach cancer, especially in the early stages when the tumor is localized. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and surrounding tissues. Types of surgery for stomach cancer include:
- Gastrectomy: This involves removing part or all of the stomach, depending on the extent of the cancer.
- Lymphadenectomy: In addition to removing the tumor, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed to prevent the spread of cancer.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It is often used before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove, or after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used to treat advanced or metastatic stomach cancer.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor, after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells, or as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life in advanced cases.
Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs target specific abnormalities in cancer cells that allow them to grow and spread. These drugs may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy to treat advanced or metastatic stomach cancer.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. While still being studied for stomach cancer, immunotherapy may be used in certain cases, particularly for advanced or metastatic disease.
Palliative care: Palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced or metastatic stomach cancer. This may include pain management, nutritional support, and emotional support for patients and their families.

Conclusion

In conclusion, stomach cancer remains a significant health challenge globally, with various risk factors contributing to its development. However, advancements in medical technology and treatment modalities, coupled with early detection and intervention, offer hope for improved outcomes and quality of life for patients. At Rungta Hospital, renowned as the best Gastroenterology Hospital in Jaipur, our dedicated team of gastroenterologists, oncologists, surgeons, and support staff are committed to providing exceptional care and cutting-edge treatments for individuals affected by stomach cancer. With state-of-the-art facilities, personalized treatment plans, and a patient-centered approach, Rungta Hospital is at the forefront of comprehensive cancer care, ensuring the best possible outcomes for our patients

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